The Proportion Of Hyperuricemia In The Population Of The Essential Hypertension Of The Aceh Tribe In North Aceh Regency

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The Proportion of Hyperuricemia in the Essential Population of the Aceh Tribe in North Aceh Regency

Hyperuricemia (HU) is a condition characterized by an excessive level of uric acid in the blood, which can lead to various health problems, including gout, kidney stones, and cardiovascular disease. In North Aceh Regency, the prevalence of essential hypertension (HE) is relatively high, with a recorded rate of 30.6%. The unique geographical and demographic factors of the Aceh tribe, including their dietary habits, may contribute to their health conditions. This study aims to assess the serum uric acid levels and the proportion of HU in the population with HE from the Aceh tribe in North Aceh.

Hyperuricemia is a condition caused by an increase in the production of uric acid in the body or a decrease in the ability of the kidneys to remove uric acid. The prevalence of HE in North Aceh Regency is relatively high, with a recorded rate of 30.6%. The unique geographical and demographic factors of the Aceh tribe, including their dietary habits, may contribute to their health conditions. The Aceh tribe is known for their high consumption of salt and purine-rich foods, which may increase their risk of developing HU.

This study aims to assess serum uric acid levels and the proportion of HU in the population with HE from the Aceh tribe in North Aceh. In addition, this study also aims to evaluate the relationship between uric acid levels and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, severity, and HE duration, creatinine levels, and glomerular filtration rates.

This research was conducted as an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional approach in the Internal Polyclinic of Cut Meutia Hospital and Puskesmas in North Aceh from December 2010 to January 2011, after obtaining approval from the Health Research Ethics Commission, Faculty of Medicine, University of North Sumatra. The sample was taken using the Consecutive Sampling method based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research subjects filled out the approval sheet, and measured weight, height, and blood pressure. Blood samples were taken to check for uric acid levels, lipid profiles, urea, creatinine, and glomerular filtration rates. Of the 137 samples analyzed, divided into two groups: 69 subjects with HE and 68 Normotension Subjects (NT). Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS version 15.0 program, with the value of P <0.05 considered significant.

The results show that the average level of uric acid in men and women in the HE group (7.71 ± 0.74 mg/dl and 6.85 ± 0.67 mg/dl) is significantly higher than the NT group (5.79 ± 0.94 mg/dl and 4.6 ± 1.04 mg/dl, p = 0,0001). The proportion of HU in the HE group is also significantly higher (87.2%) compared to the NT group (12.8%, p = 0,0001). Patients with HE have a risk of 5.4 times greater to experience HU than the subject in the NT group (OR = 5.4, CI 95% = 2.52-11.54, P = 0,0001). In addition, uric acid levels increase along with the increase in systolic blood pressure (p = 0.016) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0,0001 for men, p = 0.007 for women). The proportion of HU also increases with the increase in diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.001). There is a significant positive correlation between systolic blood pressure and uric acid levels (r = 0.587; p = 0,0001), diastolic blood pressure and uric acid levels (r = 0.650; p = 0,0001), as well as creatinine levels and uric acid levels (r = 0.749; p = 00001). Conversely, there is a significant negative correlation between uric acid levels and glomerular filtration rates (r = -0.323; p = 0.007).

Uric acid levels and the proportion of HU in the HE group are significantly higher than the NT group. There is a significant correlation between HE and uric acid levels, which indicate that the uric acid levels are positively related to systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and creatinine levels, as well as negative with glomerular filtration rates. This shows that uric acid levels can act as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and kidney damage in patients with essential hypertension. This study confirms the importance of monitoring uric acid levels in an effort to prevent further complications in hypertensive patients, especially in communities who have risky diet.

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made:

  1. Monitoring of uric acid levels: Regular monitoring of uric acid levels in patients with essential hypertension is essential to prevent further complications.
  2. Dietary modification: Patients with essential hypertension should be advised to modify their diet to reduce their risk of developing hyperuricemia.
  3. Lifestyle modification: Patients with essential hypertension should be advised to modify their lifestyle to reduce their risk of developing hyperuricemia, including regular exercise and weight management.
  4. Early detection and treatment: Early detection and treatment of hyperuricemia can prevent further complications in patients with essential hypertension.

This study has several limitations, including:

  1. Small sample size: The sample size of this study is relatively small, which may limit the generalizability of the findings.
  2. Cross-sectional design: The cross-sectional design of this study may limit the ability to establish causality between the variables.
  3. Limited data collection: The data collection in this study was limited to a single hospital and Puskesmas in North Aceh, which may limit the generalizability of the findings.

Future research directions include:

  1. Longitudinal study: A longitudinal study design can be used to establish causality between the variables and to examine the long-term effects of hyperuricemia on cardiovascular disease and kidney damage.
  2. Large sample size: A larger sample size can be used to increase the generalizability of the findings.
  3. Multi-center study: A multi-center study design can be used to increase the generalizability of the findings and to examine the effects of hyperuricemia on cardiovascular disease and kidney damage in different populations.

In conclusion, this study found that uric acid levels and the proportion of HU in the HE group are significantly higher than the NT group. There is a significant correlation between HE and uric acid levels, which indicate that the uric acid levels are positively related to systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and creatinine levels, as well as negative with glomerular filtration rates. This shows that uric acid levels can act as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and kidney damage in patients with essential hypertension. This study confirms the importance of monitoring uric acid levels in an effort to prevent further complications in hypertensive patients, especially in communities who have risky diet.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Hyperuricemia and Essential Hypertension

A: Hyperuricemia is a condition characterized by an excessive level of uric acid in the blood. Uric acid is a waste product that is produced by the body and is normally excreted by the kidneys. When the kidneys are unable to remove uric acid efficiently, it can build up in the blood, leading to hyperuricemia.

A: The symptoms of hyperuricemia can vary depending on the severity of the condition. Some common symptoms include:

  • Joint pain and swelling
  • Kidney stones
  • Gout
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
  • Nausea and vomiting

A: Essential hypertension is a type of high blood pressure that is not caused by any underlying medical condition. It is also known as primary hypertension. Essential hypertension is a common condition that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and kidney damage.

A: Hyperuricemia and essential hypertension are closely related. Studies have shown that people with essential hypertension are more likely to develop hyperuricemia. In fact, hyperuricemia is a common comorbidity in people with essential hypertension.

A: The treatment of hyperuricemia depends on the severity of the condition. Some common treatments include:

  • Dietary changes: Making dietary changes, such as reducing the intake of purine-rich foods, can help to lower uric acid levels.
  • Medications: Medications, such as allopurinol, can help to lower uric acid levels.
  • Lifestyle modifications: Making lifestyle modifications, such as increasing physical activity and losing weight, can help to lower uric acid levels.

A: The treatment of essential hypertension depends on the severity of the condition. Some common treatments include:

  • Lifestyle modifications: Making lifestyle modifications, such as increasing physical activity and losing weight, can help to lower blood pressure.
  • Medications: Medications, such as diuretics and beta blockers, can help to lower blood pressure.
  • Dietary changes: Making dietary changes, such as reducing the intake of sodium and increasing the intake of potassium, can help to lower blood pressure.

A: Yes, hyperuricemia and essential hypertension can be prevented by making lifestyle modifications, such as:

  • Increasing physical activity: Regular physical activity can help to lower uric acid levels and blood pressure.
  • Losing weight: Losing weight can help to lower uric acid levels and blood pressure.
  • Eating a healthy diet: Eating a healthy diet, such as one that is low in purine-rich foods and high in fruits and vegetables, can help to lower uric acid levels and blood pressure.
  • Managing stress: Managing stress can help to lower blood pressure.

A: The complications of hyperuricemia and essential hypertension can include:

  • Kidney damage: Hyperuricemia and essential hypertension can damage the kidneys and increase the risk of kidney disease.
  • Cardiovascular disease: Hyperuricemia and essential hypertension can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, including heart attacks and strokes.
  • Gout: Hyperuricemia can increase the risk of gout, a type of arthritis that is caused by the buildup of uric acid in the joints.
  • Kidney stones: Hyperuricemia can increase the risk of kidney stones, which are small, hard deposits that can form in the kidneys and cause pain and discomfort.

A: Hyperuricemia and essential hypertension can be managed by making lifestyle modifications, such as:

  • Increasing physical activity: Regular physical activity can help to lower uric acid levels and blood pressure.
  • Losing weight: Losing weight can help to lower uric acid levels and blood pressure.
  • Eating a healthy diet: Eating a healthy diet, such as one that is low in purine-rich foods and high in fruits and vegetables, can help to lower uric acid levels and blood pressure.
  • Managing stress: Managing stress can help to lower blood pressure.
  • Taking medications: Taking medications, such as allopurinol and diuretics, can help to lower uric acid levels and blood pressure.

A: The prognosis for people with hyperuricemia and essential hypertension depends on the severity of the condition and the effectiveness of treatment. With proper treatment and lifestyle modifications, people with hyperuricemia and essential hypertension can manage their condition and reduce their risk of complications.