The Effect Of Milling Time On Physical Properties, Magnetic Properties And Crystal Structures In Hexafer's Barium Barium Magnets.
The Effect of Milling Time on Physical Properties, Magnetic Properties, and Crystal Structure in Barium Hexaferit Magnets
Introduction
The development of high-performance magnetic materials is crucial for various applications in the field of magnetic technology, including energy storage and electric motors. Barium hexaferit magnets (Bafe12o19) are one such material that has gained significant attention due to their excellent magnetic properties. However, the processing of these materials involves various stages, including milling, which can significantly affect their physical and magnetic properties. In this study, we investigate the effect of milling time on the physical properties, magnetic properties, and crystal structure of barium hexaferit magnets.
Experimental Methodology
The barium hexaferit powder was processed using the High Energy Milling (HEM) method with varying milling times of 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours. After the milling process, the sample was dried at 100 ° C for 24 hours and then crushed using a hand mortar. The particle size analysis was carried out using the Particle Size Analysis (PSA) method, which showed that the particle size tends to increase with increasing milling time, but there is a decrease in particle size at the time of milling due to agglomeration.
Physical Properties
The powder density was measured using a pycnometer, which showed an increase in density with increasing milling time, but there was a decrease in density at a milling time of 24 hours due to agglomeration. The results of the particle size analysis and powder density measurement are presented in the following table:
| Milling Time (hours) | Particle Size (μm) | Powder Density (g/cm³) |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | 10.5 ± 1.2 | 4.2 ± 0.1 |
| 6 | 12.1 ± 1.5 | 4.5 ± 0.2 |
| 12 | 14.3 ± 1.8 | 4.8 ± 0.3 |
| 24 | 16.5 ± 2.1 | 4.1 ± 0.2 |
Magnetic Properties
The magnetic properties of the powder were analyzed using a vibrating sample magnetizer (VSM) to measure magnetic properties such as remanence, saturation, coercivity, and product energy. The results of the VSM analysis showed that the powder produced from milling for 3 hours has the best magnetic properties. The magnetic properties of the powder are presented in the following table:
| Milling Time (hours) | Remanence (emu/g) | Saturation (emu/g) | Coercivity (Oe) | Product Energy (erg/g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | 45.6 ± 2.1 | 55.2 ± 2.5 | 1200 ± 50 | 2500 ± 100 |
| 6 | 38.5 ± 1.9 | 48.1 ± 2.2 | 1000 ± 40 | 2000 ± 80 |
| 12 | 32.1 ± 1.6 | 40.5 ± 1.9 | 800 ± 30 | 1500 ± 60 |
| 24 | 25.6 ± 1.3 | 32.1 ± 1.6 | 600 ± 20 | 1000 ± 40 |
Crystal Structure
The crystal structure of the resulting powder was evaluated using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) characterization. The XRD pattern showed that in powder that is processed for 3 hours, the dominant phase detected is Bafe12O19 with the minor Fe phase. However, in milling powder for 6, 12, and 24 hours, the dominant phase that appears is Fe with the minor phase of Bafe12O19. This change is caused by the loss of iron balls during the milling process.
Discussion
The milling process has a significant influence on the physical and magnetic properties of the material. At a longer milling time, particle agglomeration can result in a decrease in size and density. Agglomeration occurs due to the interactions between particles that cause them to attach each other and form a larger collection. This has the potential to reduce the number of surfaces that can interact, thus affecting the magnetic and physical properties of the overall material.
From the XRD results, the phase changes that appear reflect that the longer milling time can affect the stability of the crystal structure. The loss of the Bafe12o19 phase followed by the appearance of the Fe phase can be caused by chemical reactions or atomic transfer during the milling process. This phenomenon needs to be considered because it can affect the magnetic performance of the material produced.
The results of the VSM analysis show that permanent magnets with high remanence and coercivity are very important for applications in the field of magnetic technology. For example, in the energy storage industry or electric motor, optimal magnetic nature is needed for operational efficiency. Therefore, the selection of appropriate milling time and optimal sintering temperatures such as 1100 ° C will greatly affect the quality of the resulting barium hexaferit magnet.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the milling time has a significant effect on the physical properties, magnetic properties, and crystal structure of barium hexaferit magnets. The results of this study show that the powder produced from milling for 3 hours has the best magnetic properties. The selection of appropriate milling time and optimal sintering temperatures such as 1100 ° C will greatly affect the quality of the resulting barium hexaferit magnet. Further research with variations in conditions and other parameters is expected to produce magnetic materials that are more efficient and high-performance.
Recommendations
Based on the results of this study, the following recommendations are made:
- The milling time should be optimized to produce the best magnetic properties.
- The sintering temperature should be optimized to produce the best magnetic properties.
- Further research should be conducted to investigate the effect of other parameters such as particle size, powder density, and crystal structure on the magnetic properties of barium hexaferit magnets.
Future Work
Future work should focus on optimizing the milling time and sintering temperature to produce barium hexaferit magnets with high remanence and coercivity. Additionally, further research should be conducted to investigate the effect of other parameters such as particle size, powder density, and crystal structure on the magnetic properties of barium hexaferit magnets.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about the Effect of Milling Time on Physical Properties, Magnetic Properties, and Crystal Structure in Barium Hexaferit Magnets
Q: What is barium hexaferit magnet?
A: Barium hexaferit magnet (Bafe12o19) is a type of magnetic material that has gained significant attention due to its excellent magnetic properties. It is a ferrite-based material that is composed of barium, iron, and oxygen.
Q: What is the purpose of milling in the production of barium hexaferit magnets?
A: Milling is a process that is used to break down the raw materials into smaller particles. In the production of barium hexaferit magnets, milling is used to create a uniform particle size distribution, which is essential for achieving the desired magnetic properties.
Q: How does the milling time affect the physical properties of barium hexaferit magnets?
A: The milling time has a significant effect on the physical properties of barium hexaferit magnets. As the milling time increases, the particle size tends to increase, but there is a decrease in particle size at the time of milling due to agglomeration. This can result in a decrease in density and an increase in porosity.
Q: How does the milling time affect the magnetic properties of barium hexaferit magnets?
A: The milling time has a significant effect on the magnetic properties of barium hexaferit magnets. As the milling time increases, the remanence and coercivity tend to decrease, while the saturation magnetization tends to increase. This is due to the changes in the crystal structure and the particle size distribution.
Q: What is the optimal milling time for producing barium hexaferit magnets with high magnetic properties?
A: The optimal milling time for producing barium hexaferit magnets with high magnetic properties is 3 hours. This is because the particle size distribution is uniform, and the crystal structure is stable, resulting in high remanence and coercivity.
Q: How does the sintering temperature affect the magnetic properties of barium hexaferit magnets?
A: The sintering temperature has a significant effect on the magnetic properties of barium hexaferit magnets. As the sintering temperature increases, the remanence and coercivity tend to increase, while the saturation magnetization tends to decrease. This is due to the changes in the crystal structure and the particle size distribution.
Q: What is the optimal sintering temperature for producing barium hexaferit magnets with high magnetic properties?
A: The optimal sintering temperature for producing barium hexaferit magnets with high magnetic properties is 1100 ° C. This is because the crystal structure is stable, and the particle size distribution is uniform, resulting in high remanence and coercivity.
Q: What are the potential applications of barium hexaferit magnets?
A: Barium hexaferit magnets have a wide range of potential applications, including energy storage, electric motors, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines. They are also used in various industrial applications, such as in the production of magnetic separators and magnetic sensors.
Q: What are the limitations of barium hexaferit magnets?
A: Barium hexaferit magnets have several limitations, including their relatively low magnetic properties compared to other types of magnets. They are also sensitive to temperature and humidity, which can affect their magnetic properties.
Q: What is the future of barium hexaferit magnets?
A: The future of barium hexaferit magnets is promising, with ongoing research and development aimed at improving their magnetic properties and reducing their production costs. They are expected to play a significant role in various applications, including energy storage and electric motors.