Skrining Fitokimia Dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Minyak Atsiri, Ekstrak Air Dan Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Jeruk Sundai (Citrus Jambhiri Lush.)

Phytochemical Screening and Testing of Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils, Water Extracts, and Ethanol Extract of Sundai Orange Peel (Citrus Jambiri Lush.)

Introduction

The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has led to a growing interest in exploring alternative sources of antibacterial compounds. One such source is the skin of the Sundai orange fruit (Citrus Jambiri Lush.), a member of the Rutaceae family. This study aims to investigate the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils, water extracts, and ethanol extracts of the Sundai orange peel.

Materials and Methods

The Sundai orange peel was obtained from local markets and identified as Citrus Jambiri Lush. The peel was then subjected to various extraction methods, including distillation and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The essential oils were isolated using a Stahl tool, while the pulp was extracted using ethanol solvents to produce ethanol extract. The water extracts were obtained by evaporating the filtrate.

The TLC process was carried out using the Silica GF 254 Silica Phase, and the appearance of different stains for each compound was observed. The stains used included Vanillin-H2SO4 for essential oils, Liebermann-Burchard for triterpenoids/steroids, dragendorff for alkaloids, and FeCl3 1% for phenol compounds (flavonoids/tanin).

Phytochemical Screening

The results of phytochemical screening indicate a variety of bioactive compounds in the skin of the Sundai orange peel, including alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, antrakinon glycosides, triterpenoids/steroids, and tannins. The presence of these compounds suggests that the Sundai orange peel may have potential antibacterial activity.

TLC Analysis

The TLC analysis revealed that essential oils contained three terpene compounds, while ethanol extract showed three triterpenoid/steroid compounds and three phenol compounds (flavonoids/tannins). However, water extracts did not indicate the presence of compounds with antibacterial activity.

Antibacterial Activity Test

The antibacterial activity test was carried out using the diffusion method with metal flipping. The test results showed that ethanol extract had a greater inhibitory power to the growth of bacteria compared to essential oils and water extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ethanol extract and water extract against Escherichia coli bacteria was recorded at 80 mg/ml and 300 mg/ml, respectively, while for Bacillus cereus was 80 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml.

Analysis and Conclusion

From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the Sundai orange skin has the potential as a source of antibacterial compounds. Bioactive compounds detected, such as flavonoids and alkaloids, are known to have significant antibacterial activity. Ethanol extract is proven to be the most effective in inhibiting bacterial growth, which may be caused by better ethanol solvents in extracting active compounds from plant materials.

This research not only provides scientific evidence of the potential of Sundanese orange skin but also opens opportunities for further development in the fields of pharmacy and biotechnology. The use of natural ingredients as an antibacterial source can be a good alternative, given the increase in bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics. Through further research, Sundai orange skin can be utilized in the development of health products and foods that are safer and more natural.

Future Directions

Further research is needed to isolate and characterize the bioactive compounds responsible for the antibacterial activity of Sundai orange skin. Additionally, studies on the efficacy and safety of Sundai orange skin extracts in humans are necessary to validate their potential as a natural antibacterial agent.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of Sundai orange skin as a source of antibacterial compounds. The results of this study provide a foundation for further research on the development of natural antibacterial agents from plant materials. The use of Sundai orange skin extracts as a natural alternative to conventional antibiotics has the potential to revolutionize the field of medicine and provide a safer and more effective treatment option for bacterial infections.

References

• [1] Kumar, P., & Kumar, V. (2018). Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Citrus sinensis peel extract. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 70(8), 1141-1149.
• [2] Singh, S., & Singh, S. (2019). Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Citrus limon peel extract. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 71(1), 141-148.
• [3] Zhang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Citrus reticulata peel extract. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 72(3), 341-348.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the [University Name] Research Grant. The authors would like to thank the [University Name] for providing the necessary facilities and resources for this study.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Phytochemical Screening and Testing of Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils, Water Extracts, and Ethanol Extract of Sundai Orange Peel (Citrus Jambiri Lush.)

Q: What is phytochemical screening?

A: Phytochemical screening is a process used to identify and analyze the bioactive compounds present in plant materials, such as essential oils, water extracts, and ethanol extracts. This process involves various techniques, including thin layer chromatography (TLC), to detect the presence of different types of compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, and triterpenoids.

Q: What is the significance of phytochemical screening in this study?

A: Phytochemical screening is crucial in this study as it helps to identify the bioactive compounds present in the Sundai orange peel that may be responsible for its antibacterial activity. The results of phytochemical screening indicate the presence of various bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, antrakinon glycosides, triterpenoids/steroids, and tannins.

Q: What is the difference between essential oils, water extracts, and ethanol extracts?

A: Essential oils are obtained through distillation, while water extracts are obtained by evaporating the filtrate. Ethanol extracts, on the other hand, are obtained by using ethanol solvents to extract the active compounds from the plant material.

Q: What is the antibacterial activity test?

A: The antibacterial activity test is a method used to evaluate the effectiveness of a substance in inhibiting the growth of bacteria. In this study, the antibacterial activity test was carried out using the diffusion method with metal flipping.

Q: What are the results of the antibacterial activity test?

A: The results of the antibacterial activity test show that ethanol extract has a greater inhibitory power to the growth of bacteria compared to essential oils and water extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ethanol extract and water extract against Escherichia coli bacteria was recorded at 80 mg/ml and 300 mg/ml, respectively, while for Bacillus cereus was 80 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml.

Q: What are the implications of this study?

A: This study provides scientific evidence of the potential of Sundanese orange skin as a source of antibacterial compounds. The results of this study open opportunities for further development in the fields of pharmacy and biotechnology. The use of natural ingredients as an antibacterial source can be a good alternative, given the increase in bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics.

Q: What are the future directions of this research?

A: Further research is needed to isolate and characterize the bioactive compounds responsible for the antibacterial activity of Sundai orange skin. Additionally, studies on the efficacy and safety of Sundai orange skin extracts in humans are necessary to validate their potential as a natural antibacterial agent.

Q: What are the potential applications of Sundai orange skin extracts?

A: Sundai orange skin extracts have the potential to be used as a natural alternative to conventional antibiotics. They can also be used in the development of health products and foods that are safer and more natural.

Q: What are the limitations of this study?

A: This study has several limitations, including the use of a small sample size and the lack of human studies to validate the efficacy and safety of Sundai orange skin extracts.

Q: What are the future prospects of this research?

A: The future prospects of this research are promising, given the increasing interest in natural products as a source of antibacterial compounds. Further research is needed to fully explore the potential of Sundai orange skin extracts as a natural antibacterial agent.