Relationship Of Risk Factors With Stroke Types In H. Adam Malik Medan Hospital

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Relationship of Risk Factors with Stroke Types in H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan

Introduction

Stroke is a leading cause of death in Indonesia, with a significant increase in prevalence from 8.3 per 1,000 population in 2007 to 12.1 per 1,000 population in 2013. Understanding the risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of stroke is crucial in developing effective prevention and management strategies. This study aims to explore the relationship between risk factors and stroke types at H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan, with a focus on controlled and uncontrolled risk factors.

Background

Stroke can be divided into two main categories: ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Ischemic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked, while hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures. The risk factors for stroke can be categorized into controlled risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption, and uncontrolled risk factors, such as age, gender, and race or ethnicity.

Methodology

This study used an analytic design with a cross-sectional approach, which was carried out in the inpatient room of H. Adam Malik Hospital in the period of October to November 2016. A total of 30 samples were obtained using the Consecutive Sampling method. The data obtained were analyzed using the Fisher test through the SPSS program.

Results

The results of the data analysis showed that of the 30 patients studied, 23 people experienced ischemic stroke and 7 people experienced hemorrhagic stroke. This study found a significant relationship between several risk factors and stroke types. These risk factors include:

  • Obesity: Obesity was found to be associated with 22 people (73.3%) experiencing ischemic stroke and 4 people (13.3%) experiencing hemorrhagic stroke. The p-value for this association was 0.031.
  • Hypertension (systolic blood pressure): Hypertension was found to be associated with 12 patients (40.0%) experiencing ischemic stroke and 7 patients (23.3%) experiencing hemorrhagic stroke. The p-value for this association was 0.029.
  • Hypertension (diastolic blood pressure): Hypertension was found to be associated with 11 patients (36%) experiencing ischemic stroke and 7 patients (23.3%) experiencing hemorrhagic stroke. The p-value for this association was 0.024.
  • Diabetes mellitus: Diabetes mellitus was found to be associated with 9 people (30.0%) experiencing ischemic stroke and 7 people (23.3%) experiencing hemorrhagic stroke. The p-value for this association was 0.007.
  • LDL cholesterol levels: LDL cholesterol levels were found to be associated with 6 patients (20%) experiencing ischemic stroke and 7 patients (23.3%) experiencing hemorrhagic stroke. The p-value for this association was 0.001.

Discussion

The results of this study suggest that there is a significant relationship between risk factors and stroke types in H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan. The controlled risk factors, such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and LDL cholesterol levels, were found to be associated with both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. These findings highlight the importance of preventing and managing these risk factors to reduce the incidence of stroke in the community.

Conclusion

This study provides valuable insights on the relationship between risk factors and stroke types, which can be used as a basis for stroke prevention programs in Indonesia. The community is expected to be more aware of these risk factors and try to adopt a healthy lifestyle to reduce the increasing number of stroke. The prevention and management of stroke risk factors, especially those that can be controlled, is very important to reduce the incidence of stroke in the community.

Recommendations

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made:

  • Public awareness: The community should be more aware of the risk factors for stroke and the importance of preventing and managing these risk factors.
  • Healthy lifestyle: The community should adopt a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular physical activity, and avoidance of smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
  • Screening and diagnosis: Regular screening and diagnosis of risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and LDL cholesterol levels, should be conducted to identify individuals at risk of stroke.
  • Stroke prevention programs: Stroke prevention programs should be implemented in Indonesia to reduce the incidence of stroke in the community.

Limitations

This study has several limitations, including:

  • Small sample size: The sample size of this study was small, which may limit the generalizability of the findings.
  • Cross-sectional design: The cross-sectional design of this study may not capture the temporal relationship between risk factors and stroke types.
  • Limited data: The data collected in this study may not be comprehensive, which may limit the interpretation of the findings.

Future Directions

Future studies should aim to:

  • Increase sample size: Future studies should aim to increase the sample size to improve the generalizability of the findings.
  • Use longitudinal design: Future studies should use a longitudinal design to capture the temporal relationship between risk factors and stroke types.
  • Collect more comprehensive data: Future studies should collect more comprehensive data to improve the interpretation of the findings.

References

  • [List of references cited in the study]

Appendix

  • [Appendix containing additional information, such as tables and figures]
    Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about the Relationship of Risk Factors with Stroke Types in H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan

Q: What is the main cause of death in Indonesia? A: Stroke is a leading cause of death in Indonesia, with a significant increase in prevalence from 8.3 per 1,000 population in 2007 to 12.1 per 1,000 population in 2013.

Q: What are the two main categories of stroke? A: Stroke can be divided into two main categories: ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Ischemic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked, while hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures.

Q: What are the controlled risk factors for stroke? A: The controlled risk factors for stroke include hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.

Q: What are the uncontrolled risk factors for stroke? A: The uncontrolled risk factors for stroke include age, gender, and race or ethnicity.

Q: What was the methodology used in this study? A: This study used an analytic design with a cross-sectional approach, which was carried out in the inpatient room of H. Adam Malik Hospital in the period of October to November 2016. A total of 30 samples were obtained using the Consecutive Sampling method.

Q: What were the results of the study? A: The results of the study showed that of the 30 patients studied, 23 people experienced ischemic stroke and 7 people experienced hemorrhagic stroke. The study found a significant relationship between several risk factors and stroke types, including obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and LDL cholesterol levels.

Q: What are the implications of the study? A: The study highlights the importance of preventing and managing controlled risk factors, such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and LDL cholesterol levels, to reduce the incidence of stroke in the community.

Q: What are the recommendations based on the study? A: Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are made:

  • Public awareness: The community should be more aware of the risk factors for stroke and the importance of preventing and managing these risk factors.
  • Healthy lifestyle: The community should adopt a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular physical activity, and avoidance of smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
  • Screening and diagnosis: Regular screening and diagnosis of risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and LDL cholesterol levels, should be conducted to identify individuals at risk of stroke.
  • Stroke prevention programs: Stroke prevention programs should be implemented in Indonesia to reduce the incidence of stroke in the community.

Q: What are the limitations of the study? A: The study has several limitations, including a small sample size, a cross-sectional design, and limited data.

Q: What are the future directions for research? A: Future studies should aim to increase the sample size, use a longitudinal design, and collect more comprehensive data to improve the interpretation of the findings.

Q: What are the implications for public health? A: The study highlights the importance of public health initiatives to prevent and manage stroke risk factors, particularly in high-risk populations.

Q: What are the implications for healthcare providers? A: Healthcare providers should be aware of the risk factors for stroke and the importance of preventing and managing these risk factors to reduce the incidence of stroke in the community.

Q: What are the implications for policymakers? A: Policymakers should consider implementing stroke prevention programs and public health initiatives to reduce the incidence of stroke in the community.

Q: What are the implications for individuals at risk of stroke? A: Individuals at risk of stroke should be aware of their risk factors and take steps to prevent and manage these risk factors, such as adopting a healthy lifestyle and seeking regular screening and diagnosis.