Relationship Of Risk Factors Coronary Heart Disease With The Incidence Of Abdominal Aortic Calcification Based On The Abdominal CT Scan Examination At RSUP. H. Adam Malik Medan

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Relationship of Risk Factors Coronary Heart Disease with the Incidence of Abdominal Aortic Calcification based on the Abdominal CT Scan Examination at RSUP. H. Adam Malik Medan

Introduction

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and its manifestation is often associated with cardiovascular disease. One of the key indicators of CHD is the calcification of the abdominal aorta (KAA), which is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular events. This study aims to investigate the relationship between risk factors for coronary heart disease and the occurrence of abdominal aortic calcification through an abdominal CT scan examination at H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan.

Background

Coronary heart disease is a complex condition that is influenced by multiple risk factors, including age, gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking habits, and alcohol consumption. The calcification of the abdominal aorta is a marker of atherosclerosis, which is a key process in the development of CHD. The Agatston method is commonly used to assess calcification in the abdominal aorta, which includes the area from 1 cm above the origin of the celiac rod to 1 cm below the bifurcation of the iliac arteries.

Research Methodology

This study employed an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design involving 105 patients undergoing an abdominal CT scan with or without intravenous contrast in the Department of Radiology H. Adam Malik Hospital. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between risk factors for coronary heart disease and the occurrence of abdominal aortic calcification. The risk factors analyzed included gender, age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking habits, and alcohol consumption.

Research Results

Data analysis using the Chi Square test showed a significant relationship between age (p = 0.000), hypertension (p = 0.017), and diabetes (p = 0.006) with an abdominal aortic calcification score. However, there was no significant relationship between sex (p = 0.613), smoking habits (p = 0.22), and alcohol consumption (p = 0.28) against KAA scores.

Analysis and Discussion

The results of this study showed that age, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus are significant risk factors related to the calcification of the abdominal aorta. This is in line with various previous studies that show that as we get older, the risk of calcification in the aorta is increasing, due to the aging process that affects the health of blood vessels. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are also known to speed up the atherosclerosis process, which can contribute to calcification.

The absence of a significant relationship between risk factors such as gender, smoking, and alcohol shows that these factors may have a more complex influence or may not be directly related to the calcification of the abdominal aorta. This emphasizes the need for further research to understand the interaction between this risk factor and calcification.

Conclusion

From this study, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between age risk factors, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus with aortic abdominal calcification score in patients examined with the abdominal CT scan. This finding can provide deeper insight regarding the risk factors for coronary heart disease, so that it can be a guide for better prevention and treatment in clinical practice. Increasing awareness of this risk factor is very important, especially for individuals who are at high risk, in order to be able to take appropriate prevention steps.

Implications

The findings of this study have several implications for clinical practice and public health. Firstly, it highlights the importance of age, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus as risk factors for abdominal aortic calcification. Secondly, it emphasizes the need for further research to understand the interaction between these risk factors and calcification. Finally, it underscores the importance of increasing awareness of this risk factor, especially for individuals who are at high risk, in order to be able to take appropriate prevention steps.

Limitations

This study has several limitations that should be acknowledged. Firstly, the sample size was relatively small, which may limit the generalizability of the findings. Secondly, the study only included patients who underwent an abdominal CT scan, which may not be representative of the general population. Finally, the study did not control for other potential confounding variables, which may have influenced the results.

Future Directions

Future studies should aim to replicate the findings of this study and explore the relationship between risk factors and calcification in a larger and more diverse sample. Additionally, studies should investigate the interaction between these risk factors and calcification, as well as the impact of prevention and treatment strategies on the development of abdominal aortic calcification.

References

  • Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, Zusmer NR, Viamonte M Jr, Detrano R. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;15(6):827-832.
  • Budoff MJ, Doherty TM, Achenbach S, et al. Clinical utility of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(15):1476-1494.
  • Greenland P, LaBree L, Azen SP, Doherty TM, Detrano RC. Coronary artery calcium score by electron beam computed tomography in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation. 2004;110(18):2622-2627.

Appendix

The appendix includes the detailed methodology and results of the study, as well as the raw data used in the analysis.
Q&A: Relationship of Risk Factors Coronary Heart Disease with the Incidence of Abdominal Aortic Calcification

Q: What is the relationship between coronary heart disease and abdominal aortic calcification?

A: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and its manifestation is often associated with cardiovascular disease. Abdominal aortic calcification (KAA) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular events, and it is a marker of atherosclerosis, which is a key process in the development of CHD.

Q: What are the risk factors for coronary heart disease that are associated with abdominal aortic calcification?

A: The study found that age, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus are significant risk factors related to the calcification of the abdominal aorta. These risk factors are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality.

Q: What is the significance of age as a risk factor for abdominal aortic calcification?

A: Age is a significant risk factor for abdominal aortic calcification, as the risk of calcification in the aorta increases with age. This is due to the aging process that affects the health of blood vessels.

Q: What is the role of hypertension in the development of abdominal aortic calcification?

A: Hypertension is a significant risk factor for abdominal aortic calcification, as it speeds up the atherosclerosis process, which can contribute to calcification.

Q: What is the relationship between diabetes mellitus and abdominal aortic calcification?

A: Diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for abdominal aortic calcification, as it speeds up the atherosclerosis process, which can contribute to calcification.

Q: What are the implications of this study for clinical practice and public health?

A: The findings of this study have several implications for clinical practice and public health. Firstly, it highlights the importance of age, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus as risk factors for abdominal aortic calcification. Secondly, it emphasizes the need for further research to understand the interaction between these risk factors and calcification. Finally, it underscores the importance of increasing awareness of this risk factor, especially for individuals who are at high risk, in order to be able to take appropriate prevention steps.

Q: What are the limitations of this study?

A: This study has several limitations that should be acknowledged. Firstly, the sample size was relatively small, which may limit the generalizability of the findings. Secondly, the study only included patients who underwent an abdominal CT scan, which may not be representative of the general population. Finally, the study did not control for other potential confounding variables, which may have influenced the results.

Q: What are the future directions for research on this topic?

A: Future studies should aim to replicate the findings of this study and explore the relationship between risk factors and calcification in a larger and more diverse sample. Additionally, studies should investigate the interaction between these risk factors and calcification, as well as the impact of prevention and treatment strategies on the development of abdominal aortic calcification.

Q: What can individuals do to reduce their risk of abdominal aortic calcification?

A: Individuals can reduce their risk of abdominal aortic calcification by managing their risk factors, such as age, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved through lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, and stress management, as well as through medical treatment and monitoring.

Q: What is the role of healthcare providers in preventing and treating abdominal aortic calcification?

A: Healthcare providers play a crucial role in preventing and treating abdominal aortic calcification by identifying and managing risk factors, such as age, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. They should also provide education and counseling to patients on the importance of lifestyle modifications and medical treatment in reducing the risk of abdominal aortic calcification.