Let H ( X ) = U ( X ) V ( X ) H(x)=u(x)^{v(x)} H ( X ) = U ( X ) V ( X ) .(a) Using The Fact That Ln ⁡ [ U ( X ) V ( X ) ] = V ( X ) Ln ⁡ U ( X \ln \left[u(x)^{v(x)}\right]=v(x) \ln U(x Ln [ U ( X ) V ( X ) ] = V ( X ) Ln U ( X ], Use The Chain Rule, The Product Rule, And The Formula For The Derivative Of Ln ⁡ X \ln X Ln X To Show That$\frac{d}{d X} \ln

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(a) Derivative of lnh(x)\ln h(x)

To find the derivative of lnh(x)\ln h(x), we can use the chain rule, the product rule, and the formula for the derivative of lnx\ln x. First, let's recall the formula for the derivative of lnx\ln x:

ddxlnx=1x\frac{d}{dx} \ln x = \frac{1}{x}

Now, let's use the chain rule to find the derivative of lnh(x)\ln h(x):

ddxlnh(x)=ddxln[u(x)v(x)]\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = \frac{d}{dx} \ln \left[u(x)^{v(x)}\right]

Using the fact that ln[u(x)v(x)]=v(x)lnu(x)\ln \left[u(x)^{v(x)}\right]=v(x) \ln u(x), we can rewrite the above equation as:

ddxlnh(x)=ddx[v(x)lnu(x)]\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = \frac{d}{dx} \left[v(x) \ln u(x)\right]

Now, let's use the product rule to find the derivative of v(x)lnu(x)v(x) \ln u(x):

ddx[v(x)lnu(x)]=v(x)ddxlnu(x)+lnu(x)ddxv(x)\frac{d}{dx} \left[v(x) \ln u(x)\right] = v(x) \frac{d}{dx} \ln u(x) + \ln u(x) \frac{d}{dx} v(x)

Using the formula for the derivative of lnx\ln x, we can rewrite the above equation as:

ddx[v(x)lnu(x)]=v(x)1u(x)ddxu(x)+lnu(x)ddxv(x)\frac{d}{dx} \left[v(x) \ln u(x)\right] = v(x) \frac{1}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) + \ln u(x) \frac{d}{dx} v(x)

Now, let's use the chain rule to find the derivative of v(x)v(x):

ddxv(x)=ddx[v(x)]\frac{d}{dx} v(x) = \frac{d}{dx} \left[v(x)\right]

Using the chain rule, we can rewrite the above equation as:

ddxv(x)=ddx[v(x)]=v(x)\frac{d}{dx} v(x) = \frac{d}{dx} \left[v(x)\right] = v'(x)

Now, let's substitute the above equation into the previous equation:

ddx[v(x)lnu(x)]=v(x)1u(x)ddxu(x)+lnu(x)v(x)\frac{d}{dx} \left[v(x) \ln u(x)\right] = v(x) \frac{1}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) + \ln u(x) v'(x)

Now, let's use the product rule to find the derivative of v(x)lnu(x)v(x) \ln u(x):

ddx[v(x)lnu(x)]=v(x)1u(x)ddxu(x)+lnu(x)v(x)\frac{d}{dx} \left[v(x) \ln u(x)\right] = v(x) \frac{1}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) + \ln u(x) v'(x)

Now, let's substitute the above equation into the previous equation:

ddxlnh(x)=v(x)1u(x)ddxu(x)+lnu(x)v(x)\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = v(x) \frac{1}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) + \ln u(x) v'(x)

(b) Simplifying the Derivative

Now, let's simplify the derivative of lnh(x)\ln h(x):

ddxlnh(x)=v(x)1u(x)ddxu(x)+lnu(x)v(x)\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = v(x) \frac{1}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) + \ln u(x) v'(x)

Using the fact that h(x)=u(x)v(x)h(x)=u(x)^{v(x)}, we can rewrite the above equation as:

ddxlnh(x)=v(x)1u(x)ddxu(x)+lnu(x)ddx[u(x)v(x)]\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = v(x) \frac{1}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) + \ln u(x) \frac{d}{dx} \left[u(x)^{v(x)}\right]

Now, let's use the chain rule to find the derivative of u(x)v(x)u(x)^{v(x)}:

ddx[u(x)v(x)]=ddx[u(x)v(x)]=v(x)ddx[u(x)v(x)]\frac{d}{dx} \left[u(x)^{v(x)}\right] = \frac{d}{dx} \left[u(x)^{v(x)}\right] = v(x) \frac{d}{dx} \left[u(x)^{v(x)}\right]

Using the chain rule, we can rewrite the above equation as:

ddx[u(x)v(x)]=v(x)ddx[u(x)v(x)]=v(x)ddx[u(x)v(x)]\frac{d}{dx} \left[u(x)^{v(x)}\right] = v(x) \frac{d}{dx} \left[u(x)^{v(x)}\right] = v(x) \frac{d}{dx} \left[u(x)^{v(x)}\right]

Now, let's substitute the above equation into the previous equation:

ddxlnh(x)=v(x)1u(x)ddxu(x)+lnu(x)v(x)ddx[u(x)v(x)]\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = v(x) \frac{1}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) + \ln u(x) v(x) \frac{d}{dx} \left[u(x)^{v(x)}\right]

Now, let's simplify the derivative of lnh(x)\ln h(x):

ddxlnh(x)=v(x)u(x)ddxu(x)+lnu(x)v(x)ddx[u(x)v(x)]\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = \frac{v(x)}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) + \ln u(x) v(x) \frac{d}{dx} \left[u(x)^{v(x)}\right]

(c) Final Answer

Now, let's simplify the derivative of lnh(x)\ln h(x):

ddxlnh(x)=v(x)u(x)ddxu(x)+lnu(x)v(x)ddx[u(x)v(x)]\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = \frac{v(x)}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) + \ln u(x) v(x) \frac{d}{dx} \left[u(x)^{v(x)}\right]

Using the fact that h(x)=u(x)v(x)h(x)=u(x)^{v(x)}, we can rewrite the above equation as:

ddxlnh(x)=v(x)u(x)ddxu(x)+lnu(x)v(x)ddxh(x)\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = \frac{v(x)}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) + \ln u(x) v(x) \frac{d}{dx} h(x)

Now, let's simplify the derivative of lnh(x)\ln h(x):

ddxlnh(x)=v(x)u(x)ddxu(x)+lnu(x)v(x)ddxh(x)\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = \frac{v(x)}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) + \ln u(x) v(x) \frac{d}{dx} h(x)

Using the fact that h(x)=u(x)v(x)h(x)=u(x)^{v(x)}, we can rewrite the above equation as:

ddxlnh(x)=v(x)u(x)ddxu(x)+lnu(x)v(x)ddx[u(x)v(x)]\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = \frac{v(x)}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) + \ln u(x) v(x) \frac{d}{dx} \left[u(x)^{v(x)}\right]

Now, let's simplify the derivative of lnh(x)\ln h(x):

ddxlnh(x)=v(x)u(x)ddxu(x)+lnu(x)v(x)ddx[u(x)v(x)]\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = \frac{v(x)}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) + \ln u(x) v(x) \frac{d}{dx} \left[u(x)^{v(x)}\right]

Using the chain rule, we can rewrite the above equation as:

ddxlnh(x)=v(x)u(x)ddxu(x)+lnu(x)v(x)ddx[u(x)v(x)]\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = \frac{v(x)}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) + \ln u(x) v(x) \frac{d}{dx} \left[u(x)^{v(x)}\right]

Now, let's simplify the derivative of lnh(x)\ln h(x):

ddxlnh(x)=v(x)u(x)ddxu(x)+lnu(x)v(x)ddx[u(x)v(x)]\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = \frac{v(x)}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) + \ln u(x) v(x) \frac{d}{dx} \left[u(x)^{v(x)}\right]

Using the fact that h(x)=u(x)v(x)h(x)=u(x)^{v(x)}, we can rewrite the above equation as:

ddxlnh(x)=v(x)u(x)ddxu(x)+lnu(x)v(x)ddxh(x)\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = \frac{v(x)}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) + \ln u(x) v(x) \frac{d}{dx} h(x)

Now, let's simplify the derivative of lnh(x)\ln h(x):

ddxlnh(x)=v(x)u(x)ddxu(x)+lnu(x)v(x)ddxh(x)\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = \frac{v(x)}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) + \ln u(x) v(x) \frac{d}{dx} h(x)

Using the fact that h(x)=u(x)v(x)h(x)=u(x)^{v(x)}, we can rewrite the above equation as:

ddxlnh(x)=v(x)u(x)ddxu(x)+lnu(x)v(x)ddx[u(x)v(x)]\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = \frac{v(x)}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) + \ln u(x) v(x) \frac{d}{dx} \left[u(x)^{v(x)}\right]

Now, let's simplify the derivative of lnh(x)\ln h(x):

ddxlnh(x)=v(x)u(x)ddxu(x)+lnu(x)v(x)ddx[u(x)v(x)]\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = \frac{v(x)}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) + \ln u(x) v(x) \frac{d}{dx} \left[u(x)^{v(x)}\right]

Using the chain rule, we can rewrite the above equation as:

\frac{d}{<br/> # 67. Let $h(x)=u(x)^{v(x)}$. Q&A

(a) Q: What is the derivative of lnh(x)\ln h(x)?

A: To find the derivative of lnh(x)\ln h(x), we can use the chain rule, the product rule, and the formula for the derivative of lnx\ln x. First, let's recall the formula for the derivative of lnx\ln x:

\frac{d}{dx} \ln x = \frac{1}{x} </span></p> <p>Now, let's use the chain rule to find the derivative of <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>ln</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\ln h(x)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mop">ln</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span>:</p> <p class='katex-block'><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mi>d</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac><mi>ln</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>d</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac><mi>ln</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mrow><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msup><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = \frac{d}{dx} \ln \left[u(x)^{v(x)}\right] </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.0574em;vertical-align:-0.686em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop">ln</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.0574em;vertical-align:-0.686em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop">ln</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em;"><span class="delimsizing size2">[</span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.938em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em;"><span class="delimsizing size2">]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>Using the fact that <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>ln</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mrow><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msup><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\ln \left[u(x)^{v(x)}\right]=v(x) \ln u(x)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.238em;vertical-align:-0.35em;"></span><span class="mop">ln</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em;"><span class="delimsizing size1">[</span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.888em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em;"><span class="delimsizing size1">]</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop">ln</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span>, we can rewrite the above equation as:</p> <p class='katex-block'><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mi>d</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac><mi>ln</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>d</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = \frac{d}{dx} \left[v(x) \ln u(x)\right] </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.0574em;vertical-align:-0.686em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop">ln</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.0574em;vertical-align:-0.686em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em;">[</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop">ln</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em;">]</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>Now, let's use the product rule to find the derivative of <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">v(x) \ln u(x)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop">ln</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span>:</p> <p class='katex-block'><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mi>d</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mfrac><mi>d</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac><mi>ln</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mfrac><mi>d</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{d}{dx} \left[v(x) \ln u(x)\right] = v(x) \frac{d}{dx} \ln u(x) + \ln u(x) \frac{d}{dx} v(x) </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.0574em;vertical-align:-0.686em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em;">[</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop">ln</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em;">]</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.0574em;vertical-align:-0.686em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop">ln</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.0574em;vertical-align:-0.686em;"></span><span class="mop">ln</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>Using the formula for the derivative of <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>ln</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\ln x</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mop">ln</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span></span></span></span>, we can rewrite the above equation as:</p> <p class='katex-block'><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mi>d</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac><mrow><mo fence="true">[</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo fence="true">]</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></mfrac><mfrac><mi>d</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mfrac><mi>d</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{d}{dx} \left[v(x) \ln u(x)\right] = v(x) \frac{1}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) + \ln u(x) \frac{d}{dx} v(x) </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.0574em;vertical-align:-0.686em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em;">[</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop">ln</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em;">]</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.3074em;vertical-align:-0.936em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3214em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.936em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.0574em;vertical-align:-0.686em;"></span><span class="mop">ln</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2>(b) Q: How do we simplify the derivative of <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>ln</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\ln h(x)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mop">ln</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span>?</h2> <p>A: Now, let's simplify the derivative of <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>ln</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\ln h(x)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mop">ln</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span>:</p> <p class='katex-block'><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mi>d</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac><mi>ln</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></mfrac><mfrac><mi>d</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><msup><mi>v</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = v(x) \frac{1}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) + \ln u(x) v&#x27;(x) </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.0574em;vertical-align:-0.686em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop">ln</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.3074em;vertical-align:-0.936em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3214em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.936em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0519em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mop">ln</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8019em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>Using the fact that <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mrow><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h(x)=u(x)^{v(x)}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.138em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.888em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, we can rewrite the above equation as:</p> <p class='katex-block'><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mi>d</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac><mi>ln</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></mfrac><mfrac><mi>d</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{d}{dx} \ln h(x) = v(x) \frac{1}{u(x)} \frac{d}{dx} u(x) </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.0574em;vertical-align:-0.686em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop">ln</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.3074em;vertical-align:-0.936em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3214em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.936em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span></p>