DNA Barcoding And Phylogenetic Analysis Of Stars Stars (Maculabatis Sp.) Which Is Landed At The Tanjung Tiram Fish Landing Place (TPI) Of Batubara Regency, North Sumatra Province

Introduction

The star stingra star (Maculabatis sp.) is an important fisheries resource in the waters of the Malacca Strait, but its status is endangered. Efforts to monitor and conserve this species are constrained by accurate identification difficulties. This is due to limited information and complexity of species. To overcome this obstacle, this study examined the genetic identification of staple stretngers landed at Tanjung Tiram Fish Landing Place (TPI), Batubara Regency, North Sumatra Province.

Methodology

This study uses a sample of a staple strettil network collected from TPI Tanjung Tiram as primary data. Secondary data obtained from the Database of the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The first step is preparation of preserved network samples, followed by DNA extraction, and amplification using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. The results of the amplification are then disenned and sorted using the Mega X software with the help of the Basic Local Alignment Tool (Blast). Philogenetic analysis and genetic distances are performed using the 2P Kimura model, the maximum likelihood method with 1000 bootstrap.

Results

The results showed that sample 1 (TP1) was identified as Maculabatis Gerardi and Sample 2 (TP2) as well as Gerardi Maculabatis. Philogenetic analysis shows that sample A (TP1) and sample B (TP2) are in one clade with a 100% accuracy level. There are 4 subclades that include maculabatis pastinacoides, Maculabatis Astra, Maculabatis Randalli, Himantura Toshi, Maculabatis Macrura, and Maculabatis Gerardi. The bootstrap value varies between 59%, 87% and 100%. The farthest nucleotide distance was found in GU673583 Maculabatis Randalli with a value of 0.209, while the closest one was MG774924.1 Maculabatis Macrura with a value of 0.131. This difference shows the variation of genetic distances between species.

Discussion

This study made a significant contribution to understanding the genetic diversity of stars in the waters of Tanjung Tiram. The application of DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis has proven effective in identifying species and mapping of kinship relations between species. The results of this study can be a reference for the management of fisheries resources and stingray conservation efforts in the region.

Conclusion

This information can be used for:

*** Increasing the accuracy of species identification: DNA barcoding provides a more accurate way to identify stalls than traditional morphological methods. *** Monitoring population and diversity: Genetic data can be used to monitor changes in the stalls of staplers and assess the level of biodiversity in Tanjung Tiram waters. **Developing a more effective conservation strategy: Understanding of kinship and genetic distances can help researchers and resource managers in developing conservation strategies that are more targeted.

Implications

The use of DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis in this study proves that this method is very important for understanding biodiversity and supporting endangered species conservation efforts. By continuing to develop and implement this method, it is hoped that accurate data and information can be created to support the management of sustainable fisheries resources.

Recommendations

This study recommends the use of DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis for the identification and conservation of star stingra star in Tanjung Tiram. The results of this study can be used as a reference for the management of fisheries resources and stingray conservation efforts in the region. Additionally, this study recommends the development of a more effective conservation strategy that takes into account the genetic diversity of the species.

Future Directions

Future studies can build on the findings of this study by examining the genetic diversity of other species in the waters of Tanjung Tiram. Additionally, future studies can investigate the use of DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis for the identification and conservation of other endangered species.

Limitations

This study has several limitations. Firstly, the sample size was limited to two samples, which may not be representative of the entire population. Secondly, the study only examined the genetic diversity of the star stingra star in Tanjung Tiram, and did not examine the genetic diversity of other species in the region. Finally, the study only used DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis, and did not examine other methods for identifying and conserving the species.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis in identifying and conserving the star stingra star in Tanjung Tiram. The results of this study can be used as a reference for the management of fisheries resources and stingray conservation efforts in the region. Additionally, this study recommends the development of a more effective conservation strategy that takes into account the genetic diversity of the species.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: What is DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis?

A: DNA barcoding is a method of identifying species using a short DNA sequence, typically around 650 base pairs, from a specific gene. Phylogenetic analysis is the study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms based on their DNA or protein sequences.

Q: Why is DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis important for conservation efforts?

A: DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis are important tools for conservation efforts because they provide a way to accurately identify species and understand their evolutionary relationships. This information can be used to develop effective conservation strategies and monitor population changes.

Q: How does DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis work?

A: DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis involve several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification, sequencing, and analysis of the DNA sequence. The DNA sequence is then compared to a reference database to identify the species.

Q: What are the benefits of using DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis for conservation efforts?

A: The benefits of using DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis for conservation efforts include:

• Accurate species identification: DNA barcoding provides a more accurate way to identify species than traditional morphological methods.
• Monitoring population changes: Genetic data can be used to monitor changes in population size and structure.
• Understanding evolutionary relationships: Phylogenetic analysis can provide insights into the evolutionary relationships between species.

Q: What are the limitations of using DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis for conservation efforts?

A: The limitations of using DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis for conservation efforts include:

• Limited sample size: The sample size may be limited, which can affect the accuracy of the results.
• Limited geographic range: The study may only examine a limited geographic range, which can affect the generalizability of the results.
• Limited taxonomic scope: The study may only examine a limited taxonomic scope, which can affect the comprehensiveness of the results.

Q: How can DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis be used for conservation efforts in Tanjung Tiram?

A: DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis can be used for conservation efforts in Tanjung Tiram by:

• Identifying species: DNA barcoding can be used to identify species in the region.
• Monitoring population changes: Genetic data can be used to monitor changes in population size and structure.
• Developing conservation strategies: Phylogenetic analysis can provide insights into the evolutionary relationships between species, which can be used to develop effective conservation strategies.

Q: What are the future directions for DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis in Tanjung Tiram?

A: The future directions for DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis in Tanjung Tiram include:

• Examining the genetic diversity of other species: Future studies can examine the genetic diversity of other species in the region.
• Investigating the use of DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis for other conservation efforts: Future studies can investigate the use of DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis for other conservation efforts in the region.

Q: What are the implications of this study for conservation efforts in Tanjung Tiram?

A: The implications of this study for conservation efforts in Tanjung Tiram are:

• Accurate species identification: DNA barcoding provides a more accurate way to identify species than traditional morphological methods.
• Monitoring population changes: Genetic data can be used to monitor changes in population size and structure.
• Understanding evolutionary relationships: Phylogenetic analysis can provide insights into the evolutionary relationships between species.

Q: What are the recommendations for future studies?

A: The recommendations for future studies are:

• Examining the genetic diversity of other species: Future studies can examine the genetic diversity of other species in the region.
• Investigating the use of DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis for other conservation efforts: Future studies can investigate the use of DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis for other conservation efforts in the region.

Q: What are the limitations of this study?

A: The limitations of this study are:

• Limited sample size: The sample size may be limited, which can affect the accuracy of the results.
• Limited geographic range: The study may only examine a limited geographic range, which can affect the generalizability of the results.
• Limited taxonomic scope: The study may only examine a limited taxonomic scope, which can affect the comprehensiveness of the results.