Choose The System From Each Pair That Likely Has The Higher Entropy.1. A. Ice B. Liquid Water2. A. Liquid Water At 10°C B. Liquid Water At 90°C

by ADMIN 152 views

Entropy is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics that measures the disorder or randomness of a system. In this article, we will explore the concept of entropy and apply it to a series of pairs of thermodynamic systems to determine which one has the higher entropy.

What is Entropy?

Entropy is a measure of the amount of thermal energy in a system that is unavailable to do work. It is a state function that depends on the temperature, volume, and composition of a system. Entropy is typically denoted by the symbol S and is measured in units of joules per kelvin (J/K).

Factors Affecting Entropy

There are several factors that affect the entropy of a system, including:

  • Temperature: Entropy increases with temperature. As the temperature of a system increases, the molecules gain kinetic energy and move more rapidly, resulting in a more disordered state.
  • Volume: Entropy increases with volume. As the volume of a system increases, the molecules have more space to move and interact, resulting in a more disordered state.
  • Composition: Entropy increases with the number of components in a system. As the number of components in a system increases, the number of possible interactions between molecules also increases, resulting in a more disordered state.

Pair 1: Ice vs. Liquid Water

In the first pair, we have ice (solid water) and liquid water. Which one has the higher entropy?

  • Ice: Ice is a solid with a crystalline structure. The molecules in ice are arranged in a regular, ordered pattern, resulting in a low entropy state.
  • Liquid Water: Liquid water, on the other hand, is a disordered state with molecules that are free to move and interact with each other. The molecules in liquid water are not arranged in a regular pattern, resulting in a higher entropy state.

Conclusion

Based on the factors affecting entropy, we can conclude that liquid water has a higher entropy than ice. The higher temperature and disordered state of liquid water result in a higher entropy state compared to the ordered, crystalline structure of ice.

Pair 2: Liquid Water at 10°C vs. Liquid Water at 90°C

In the second pair, we have liquid water at two different temperatures: 10°C and 90°C. Which one has the higher entropy?

  • Liquid Water at 10°C: Liquid water at 10°C is a relatively cold state with molecules that are not moving as rapidly as they would at higher temperatures. The molecules in liquid water at 10°C are still disordered, but the lower temperature results in a lower entropy state compared to liquid water at higher temperatures.
  • Liquid Water at 90°C: Liquid water at 90°C, on the other hand, is a hot state with molecules that are moving rapidly and interacting with each other. The higher temperature results in a higher entropy state compared to liquid water at lower temperatures.

Conclusion

Based on the factors affecting entropy, we can conclude that liquid water at 90°C has a higher entropy than liquid water at 10°C. The higher temperature and more rapid movement of molecules in liquid water at 90°C result in a higher entropy state compared to liquid water at 10°C.

Conclusion

In conclusion, entropy is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics that measures the disorder or randomness of a system. The factors affecting entropy, including temperature, volume, and composition, play a crucial role in determining the entropy of a system. By analyzing the pairs of thermodynamic systems presented in this article, we can conclude that:

  • Liquid water has a higher entropy than ice.
  • Liquid water at 90°C has a higher entropy than liquid water at 10°C.

References

  • Cengel, Y. A. (2018). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Kittel, C. (2005). Thermal Physics. Wiley-VCH.
  • Levine, I. N. (2017). Physical Chemistry. McGraw-Hill Education.

Glossary

  • Entropy: A measure of the amount of thermal energy in a system that is unavailable to do work.
  • State function: A property of a system that depends only on the current state of the system and not on the path by which the system reached that state.
  • Joules per kelvin (J/K): The unit of measurement for entropy.
    Entropy Q&A: Frequently Asked Questions =============================================

Entropy is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics that measures the disorder or randomness of a system. In this article, we will answer some of the most frequently asked questions about entropy.

Q: What is entropy?

A: Entropy is a measure of the amount of thermal energy in a system that is unavailable to do work. It is a state function that depends on the temperature, volume, and composition of a system.

Q: What are the factors that affect entropy?

A: There are several factors that affect entropy, including:

  • Temperature: Entropy increases with temperature. As the temperature of a system increases, the molecules gain kinetic energy and move more rapidly, resulting in a more disordered state.
  • Volume: Entropy increases with volume. As the volume of a system increases, the molecules have more space to move and interact, resulting in a more disordered state.
  • Composition: Entropy increases with the number of components in a system. As the number of components in a system increases, the number of possible interactions between molecules also increases, resulting in a more disordered state.

Q: What is the difference between entropy and disorder?

A: Entropy and disorder are related but distinct concepts. Entropy is a measure of the amount of thermal energy in a system that is unavailable to do work, while disorder refers to the lack of organization or structure in a system. While high entropy is often associated with high disorder, the two concepts are not identical.

Q: Can entropy be negative?

A: No, entropy cannot be negative. Entropy is a measure of the amount of thermal energy in a system that is unavailable to do work, and it is always positive. However, entropy can approach zero in certain systems, such as a perfect crystal.

Q: What is the relationship between entropy and the second law of thermodynamics?

A: The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of a closed system will always increase over time, except in reversible processes. This means that entropy will always increase in an isolated system, and it will never decrease.

Q: Can entropy be reversed?

A: No, entropy cannot be reversed. Once entropy has increased in a system, it will never decrease. This is because the second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of a closed system will always increase over time.

Q: What is the significance of entropy in everyday life?

A: Entropy is significant in everyday life because it affects the behavior of systems and the efficiency of processes. For example, the entropy of a system can affect the rate of chemical reactions, the efficiency of engines, and the stability of materials.

Q: Can entropy be measured?

A: Yes, entropy can be measured using various methods, including:

  • Calorimetry: This involves measuring the heat transferred between a system and its surroundings.
  • Thermometry: This involves measuring the temperature of a system.
  • Entropy balance: This involves measuring the change in entropy of a system over time.

Q: What are some real-world examples of entropy?

A: Some real-world examples of entropy include:

  • The second law of thermodynamics: This states that the total entropy of a closed system will always increase over time, except in reversible processes.
  • The decay of a system: This occurs when a system becomes less organized and more disordered over time.
  • The increase in temperature: This occurs when a system absorbs heat energy from its surroundings.

Conclusion

In conclusion, entropy is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics that measures the disorder or randomness of a system. The factors that affect entropy, including temperature, volume, and composition, play a crucial role in determining the entropy of a system. By understanding entropy and its relationship to the second law of thermodynamics, we can better appreciate the behavior of systems and the efficiency of processes in everyday life.

References

  • Cengel, Y. A. (2018). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Kittel, C. (2005). Thermal Physics. Wiley-VCH.
  • Levine, I. N. (2017). Physical Chemistry. McGraw-Hill Education.

Glossary

  • Entropy: A measure of the amount of thermal energy in a system that is unavailable to do work.
  • State function: A property of a system that depends only on the current state of the system and not on the path by which the system reached that state.
  • Joules per kelvin (J/K): The unit of measurement for entropy.