Calculate The Lower And Upper Bounds For The Following Calculations If Each Of The Numbers Is Given To 2 Significant Figures (2 S.f.).1. \[$\frac{4.2 \times 5.1}{1.8}\$\]2. \[$\frac{180}{7.2 - 0.95}\$\]

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**Calculating Lower and Upper Bounds for Significant Figures** ===========================================================

What are Significant Figures?

Significant figures are a way to express the precision of a measurement or calculation. They represent the number of digits in a value that are known to be reliable. In scientific and engineering applications, significant figures are used to ensure that calculations are accurate and reliable.

Why are Significant Figures Important?

Significant figures are important because they help to:

  • Express the precision of a measurement or calculation
  • Avoid errors in calculations
  • Ensure that results are accurate and reliable
  • Communicate the uncertainty of a measurement or calculation

Calculating Lower and Upper Bounds

When working with significant figures, it's essential to calculate the lower and upper bounds of a calculation. The lower bound is the smallest possible value, while the upper bound is the largest possible value.

Lower Bound Calculation

To calculate the lower bound, we need to round down each number to the nearest significant figure. This will give us the smallest possible value.

Upper Bound Calculation

To calculate the upper bound, we need to round up each number to the nearest significant figure. This will give us the largest possible value.

Example 1: Calculating Lower and Upper Bounds

Let's calculate the lower and upper bounds for the following calculation:

4.2×5.11.8\frac{4.2 \times 5.1}{1.8}

Lower Bound Calculation

To calculate the lower bound, we need to round down each number to the nearest significant figure.

  • 4.2 → 4.0
  • 5.1 → 5.0
  • 1.8 → 1.8

The lower bound calculation is:

4.0×5.01.8\frac{4.0 \times 5.0}{1.8}

Upper Bound Calculation

To calculate the upper bound, we need to round up each number to the nearest significant figure.

  • 4.2 → 4.2
  • 5.1 → 5.1
  • 1.8 → 2.0

The upper bound calculation is:

4.2×5.12.0\frac{4.2 \times 5.1}{2.0}

Calculating the Lower and Upper Bounds

Now that we have the lower and upper bound calculations, we can calculate the lower and upper bounds for the original calculation.

Lower Bound Calculation

The lower bound calculation is:

4.0×5.01.8=201.8=11.11\frac{4.0 \times 5.0}{1.8} = \frac{20}{1.8} = 11.11

Upper Bound Calculation

The upper bound calculation is:

4.2×5.12.0=21.422.0=10.71\frac{4.2 \times 5.1}{2.0} = \frac{21.42}{2.0} = 10.71

Example 2: Calculating Lower and Upper Bounds

Let's calculate the lower and upper bounds for the following calculation:

1807.2−0.95\frac{180}{7.2 - 0.95}

Lower Bound Calculation

To calculate the lower bound, we need to round down each number to the nearest significant figure.

  • 180 → 180
  • 7.2 → 7.0
  • 0.95 → 0.9

The lower bound calculation is:

1807.0−0.9\frac{180}{7.0 - 0.9}

Upper Bound Calculation

To calculate the upper bound, we need to round up each number to the nearest significant figure.

  • 180 → 180
  • 7.2 → 7.2
  • 0.95 → 1.0

The upper bound calculation is:

1807.2−1.0\frac{180}{7.2 - 1.0}

Calculating the Lower and Upper Bounds

Now that we have the lower and upper bound calculations, we can calculate the lower and upper bounds for the original calculation.

Lower Bound Calculation

The lower bound calculation is:

1806.1=1806.1=29.51\frac{180}{6.1} = \frac{180}{6.1} = 29.51

Upper Bound Calculation

The upper bound calculation is:

1806.2=1806.2=29.03\frac{180}{6.2} = \frac{180}{6.2} = 29.03

Q&A

Q: What are significant figures?

A: Significant figures are a way to express the precision of a measurement or calculation. They represent the number of digits in a value that are known to be reliable.

Q: Why are significant figures important?

A: Significant figures are important because they help to:

  • Express the precision of a measurement or calculation
  • Avoid errors in calculations
  • Ensure that results are accurate and reliable
  • Communicate the uncertainty of a measurement or calculation

Q: How do I calculate the lower and upper bounds for a calculation?

A: To calculate the lower and upper bounds, you need to round down each number to the nearest significant figure for the lower bound and round up each number to the nearest significant figure for the upper bound.

Q: What is the difference between the lower and upper bounds?

A: The lower bound is the smallest possible value, while the upper bound is the largest possible value.

Q: Why is it important to calculate the lower and upper bounds?

A: Calculating the lower and upper bounds helps to ensure that results are accurate and reliable. It also helps to communicate the uncertainty of a measurement or calculation.

Conclusion

Calculating the lower and upper bounds for significant figures is an essential skill in scientific and engineering applications. By understanding how to calculate the lower and upper bounds, you can ensure that your results are accurate and reliable. Remember to round down each number to the nearest significant figure for the lower bound and round up each number to the nearest significant figure for the upper bound.